Hello Brandon,
My first suggestion would be to confirm you have logged into the server with an Active Directory domain account, and not a local computer account. MR 2012 only supports using AD accounts for users. After that, I would suggest to deploy only one component at a time so you can determine which one is failing instead of installing all three at once. Install the Application Service first, then the Process Service, and finally the AX 2009 legacy provider.
Thanks!